Yarg\u0131tay 21. Hukuk Dairesinin 2017\/1857 E. Ve 2017\/3192 K. Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
MAHKEMES\u0130 : …. B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 3. Hukuk Dairesi
\u0130LK DERECE MAHKEMES\u0130 :…..\u0130\u015f Mahkemesi
Davac\u0131lar murisinin, i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden do\u011fan manevi tazminat\u0131n \u00f6detilmesine karar verilmesini istemi\u015ftir.
\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesince davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi \u00fczerine davac\u0131lar ile daval\u0131lardan …K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e. ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vekillerince istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurulmu\u015ftur.
B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesince, davac\u0131lar ile daval\u0131lardan ….K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e. ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vekillerinin istinaf ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n esastan reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.
B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131lar ile daval\u0131lardan …K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e. ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc vekillerince temyiz edilmesi \u00fczerine temyiz iste\u011finin s\u00fcresinde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan ve Tetkik Hakimi … taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen raporla dosyadaki ka\u011f\u0131tlar okunduktan sonra i\u015fin gere\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki karar tespit edildi.
K A R A R
Dava, sigortal\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucunda vefat\u0131 nedeniyle yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n manevi zararlar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi istemine ili\u015fkindir.
\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesince, h\u00fck\u00fcmde belirtilen gerek\u00e7elerle, daval\u0131 …\u015e. a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan davan\u0131n husumet nedeniyle reddine, di\u011fer daval\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne dair verilen karara kar\u015f\u0131 davac\u0131lar vekili ile daval\u0131lar T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve …K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e. vekilleri taraf\u0131ndan istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, …. B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 3. Hukuk Dairesi’nce istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun esastan reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.
Dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki kay\u0131t ve belgelerden, ruhsat sahibi T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan …. yer alt\u0131 sahas\u0131ndaki k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcretim i\u015finin daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan 22\/07\/2006 tarih ve 24046 yevmiye say\u0131l\u0131 noter onayl\u0131 hizmet al\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile Park Tek. Elk. Mad. Tur. San.ve Tic. A\u015e.’ne verildi\u011fi ancak 30\/10\/2009 tarihinde daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’n\u00fcn muvafakati ile k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcretim i\u015finin ayn\u0131 \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda …K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e.’ne devredildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin eki konumundaki Teknik \u015eartname’nin 2. maddesinde i\u015fin konusunun “1. maddede cins, mevkii ve s\u0131n\u0131r koordinatlar\u0131 belirtilen sahadan, idare taraf\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u00fcklenicinin kullan\u0131m\u0131na bedelsiz olarak verilecek bina, tesis, makine, te\u00e7hizat, ve yeralt\u0131 galerileri ile y\u00fcklenicinin temin edece\u011fi ilave makine, te\u00e7hizat, tesis ve personel ile b\u00fct\u00fcn masraflar y\u00fckleniciye ait olmak \u00fczere yeralt\u0131 i\u015fletme y\u00f6ntemi ile k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00fcretme i\u015fi” olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu kapsamda sahada mevcut bulunan \u015falt tesisleri, jenerat\u00f6r, karo sahas\u0131, vantilat\u00f6r tesisi, kompres\u00f6r tesisi, tertip binas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i banyolar\u0131, lambahane, teshin merkezi, at\u00f6lye, pres, k\u00fcl tesisi, kriblaj tesisi, nefeslik vb. gibi tesislerle, Teknik \u015eartname’nin EK-2 listesinde tan\u0131mlanan makine ve te\u00e7hizat y\u00fcklenicinin kullan\u0131m\u0131na bedelsiz olarak b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, EK-12 olarak tan\u0131mlanan listede i\u015fin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yeralt\u0131 maden oca\u011f\u0131nda idareye ait zincirli ve bant konvey\u00f6rler bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Teknik \u015eartname’de y\u00fcklenici taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lacak i\u015f program\u0131n\u0131n ve i\u015fletme projesinin daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’ne sunulaca\u011f\u0131, program\u0131n veya projenin yeterli bulunmamas\u0131 halinde tespit edilen noksanl\u0131klar\u0131n idarece verilen s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde giderilece\u011fi, idarece onaylanan uygulama projesine y\u00fcklenicinin aynen uymak zorunda oldu\u011fu, uygulama projesinde ancak idarenin onay\u0131 ile revizyon yap\u0131labilece\u011fi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin eki olan \u0130dari \u015eartname’nin 7.3.2 maddesinde y\u00fcklenicinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletme m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, proje m\u00fchendisi, vardiya daimi nezaret\u00e7isi, teknik nezaret\u00e7inin en az say\u0131s\u0131 ve meslek k\u0131deminin daval\u0131 idare taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi\u011fi, S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin eki olan Hizmet \u0130\u015fleri Genel \u015eartnamesi’nin 11. maddesinde ise, idarenin, uygunsuz davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmekte yetersiz oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011fu veya i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her kademe ve nitelikteki elemanlar\u0131n i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131ndan ve i\u015fyerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilece\u011fi, y\u00fcklenicinin buna uymak zorunda oldu\u011fu kurallar getirilmi\u015ftir.
Dosya kapsam\u0131ndan meydana gelen i\u015f kazas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile al\u0131nan bilirki\u015fi kusur raporlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131nda \u00f6len veya yaralanan sigortal\u0131lara kusur izafe edilmemi\u015ftir.
Olay tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu’nun “\u0130\u015fverenin Genel Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc” kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 4. maddesine g\u00f6re;
“(1) \u0130\u015fveren, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fle ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olup, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede;
a) Mesleki risklerin \u00f6nlenmesi e\u011fitim ve bilgi verilmesi dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tedbirin al\u0131nmas\u0131, organizasyonun yap\u0131lmas\u0131, gerekli ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik tedbirlerinin de\u011fi\u015fen \u015fartlara uygun hale getirilmesi ve mevcut durumun iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapar.
b) \u0130\u015f yerinde al\u0131nan i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirlerine uyulup uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 izler, denetler ve uygunsuzluklar\u0131n giderilmesini sa\u011flar.
c) Risk de\u011ferlendirmesi yapar ve yapt\u0131r\u0131r.
\u00e7) \u00c7al\u0131\u015fana g\u00f6rev verirken, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden i\u015fe uygunlu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131r.
d) Yeterli bilgi ve talimat verilenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayati ve \u00f6zel tehlike bulunan yerlere girmemesi i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri al\u0131r.
(2) \u0130\u015fyeri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki uzman ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flardan hizmet al\u0131nmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz.
(3) \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi alan\u0131ndaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri, i\u015fverenin sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez.
(4) \u0130\u015fveren , i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirlerinin maliyetini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara yans\u0131tamaz.”.
Ayn\u0131 kanunun ” Risklerden Korunma \u0130lkeleri ” kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 5. maddesine g\u00f6re,
“(1) \u0130\u015fverenin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin yerine getirilmesinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ilkeler g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulur.
a)Risklerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak.
b)Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan riskleri analiz etmek.
c) Risklerde kayna\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fccadele etmek.
\u00e7) \u0130\u015fin ki\u015filere uygun hale getirilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015fyerlerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131 ile i\u015f ekipman\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fekli ve \u00fcretim metodlar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7iminde \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermek, \u00f6zellikle tekd\u00fcze \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve \u00fcretim temposunun sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fe olumsuz etkilerini \u00f6nlemek, \u00f6nlenemiyor ise en aza indirmek.
d) Teknik geli\u015fmelere uyum sa\u011flamak.
e) Tehlikeli olan\u0131 tehlikesiz veya daha az tehlikeli olanla de\u011fi\u015ftirmek.
f) Teknoloji, i\u015f organizasyonu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131, sosyal ili\u015fkiler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131 ile ilgili fakt\u00f6rlerin etkilerini kapsayan tutarl\u0131 ve genel bir \u00f6nleme politikas\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek.
g)Toplu korunma tedbirlerine, ki\u015fisel korunma tedbirlerine g\u00f6re \u00f6ncelik vermek.
\u011f)\u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlara uygun talimatlar vermek.”
Yine 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ” Risk De\u011ferlendirmesi; Kontrol, \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma” karar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 10. maddesinde \u015fu h\u00fck\u00fcm d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.
“(1) \u0130\u015fveren, i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden risk de\u011ferlendirmesi yapmak veya yapt\u0131rmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Risk de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131l\u0131rken a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hususlar dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.
a) Belirli risklerden etkilenecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n durumu,
b) Kullan\u0131lacak i\u015f ekipman\u0131 ile kimyasal madde ve m\u00fcstahzarlar\u0131n se\u00e7imi,
c) \u0130\u015fyerinin tertip ve d\u00fczeni,
\u00e7) Gen\u00e7, ya\u015fl\u0131, engelli, gebe veya emziren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar gibi \u00f6zel politika gerektiren gruplar ile kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n durumu,
2) \u0130\u015fveren, yap\u0131lacak risk de\u011ferlendirmesi sonucu al\u0131nacak i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirleri ile kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken koruyucu donan\u0131m veya ekipman\u0131 belirler.
(3) \u0130\u015fyerinde uygulanacak i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fekilleri ve \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden korunma d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltecek ve i\u015fyerinin idari yap\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n her kademesinde uygulanabilir nitelikte olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
(4) \u0130\u015fveren, i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131na ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n bu ortamda maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 risklerin belirlenmesine y\u00f6nelik gerekli kontrol, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, inceleme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.”
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, i\u015fverenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlarla ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanununun 4. maddesinde \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede i\u015fverenin, ” \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015fle ilgili sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu belirtildikten sonra, yapaca\u011f\u0131 ve uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bulunaca\u011f\u0131 bir tak\u0131m esaslara yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bunun gibi 5. maddede i\u015fverenin an\u0131lan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi koruma s\u0131ras\u0131nda uyaca\u011f\u0131 ilkeler belirlenmi\u015ftir. 10. maddede ise i\u015fyerinde sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik sa\u011flan\u0131rken, i\u015fverenin yapaca\u011f\u0131 risk de\u011ferlendirmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda dikkate almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bulundu\u011fu hususlar belirlenmi\u015ftir. (HGK . 09\/10\/2013 tarih, 2013\/21-102 Esas, 2013\/1456 Karar )
Yukar\u0131da yap\u0131lan bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan sonra 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 332. maddesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131mla d\u00fczenlenen 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 417. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda; “\u0130\u015fveren, i\u015f yerinde i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nlemi almak, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7leri noksans\u0131z bulundurmak; i\u015f\u00e7ilerde i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda al\u0131nan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6nleme uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc” olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek, \u0130\u015f Kanununun m\u00fclga 77\/1. maddesiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 3. f\u0131kras\u0131nda; “\u0130\u015fverenin yukar\u0131daki h\u00fck\u00fcmler dahil kanuna ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zedelenmesi veya ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlaline ba\u011fl\u0131 zararlar\u0131n tazmini s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan do\u011fan sorumluluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi” oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmak suretiyle, hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden kaynaklanan sorumlulu\u011fun hukuki niteli\u011fi konusunda tart\u0131\u015fmalar sona erdirilmi\u015f, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan kaynaklanan \u00f6l\u00fcme ve v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zedelenmesine veya ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlaline ba\u011fl\u0131 zararlar\u0131n tazmininde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan sorumluluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanununun m\u00fclga 77. ve devam\u0131 maddelerini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131ran 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu 4. ve 5. maddeleri i\u015fverenin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini, 19. madde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anla\u015f\u0131yla daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve somut olarak ortaya koymu\u015f ve kusur sorumlulu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kusursuz sorumlulu\u011fun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
6331 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 4. ve 5. maddeleri ile buna uygun olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi y\u00f6netmelikleri h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini i\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011funu objektifle\u015ftiren kriterler olarak de\u011ferlendirmek gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple mevzuatta yer alan tenik i\u015f kurallar\u0131na uyulmamas\u0131 i\u015fverenin kusurlu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak kabul edilmelidir. Ancak i\u015fveren sadece an\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallara de\u011fil, yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan ve teknolojinin gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlere ayk\u0131r\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da kusurlu g\u00f6r\u00fclerek olu\u015fan zarar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamal\u0131d\u0131r.
\u00d6te yandan objektifle\u015ftirilen kusur, kusur sorumlulu\u011funu kusursuz sorumlulu\u011fa yakla\u015ft\u0131rsa da, onu kusursuz sorumluluk haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcremez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011fu i\u00e7in kusurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 417\/2. maddesi, Anayasa ve 6331 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri objektifle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kusur sorumlulu\u011fu ilkesi gere\u011fince i\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011funu olduk\u00e7a geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir.
\u0130\u015fvereni, zararland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olay nedeniyle sorumluluktan kurtaracak olan durum, eylem ile meydana gelen zarar aras\u0131ndaki uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesidir. Kusursuz sorumlulukta oldu\u011fu gibi kusur sorumlulu\u011funda da illiyet ba\u011f\u0131; m\u00fccbir sebep, zarar g\u00f6renin ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin a\u011f\u0131r kusuru nedenleriyle kesilebilir. Uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kesildi\u011finin ispat\u0131 halinde, i\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011funa gidilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. (HGK, 20\/03\/2013 tarih, 2012\/21-1121 Esas, 2013\/386 Karar)
Yarg\u0131lamaya konu ihtilaf\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in as\u0131l i\u015fveren-alt i\u015fveren kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda fayda bulunmaktad\u0131r.
4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 2.maddesine g\u00f6re bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine dayanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fiye i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fiye yahut t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan kurum ve kurulu\u015flara i\u015fveren, i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda kurulan ili\u015fkiye i\u015f ili\u015fkisi denir.
\u0130\u015f Kanunu’nun 2.maddesinin 7.f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re bir i\u015fverenden, i\u015fyerinde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mal veya hizmet \u00fcretimine ili\u015fkin yard\u0131mc\u0131 i\u015flerinde veya as\u0131l i\u015fin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde i\u015fletmenin ve i\u015fin gere\u011fi ile teknolojik nedenlerle uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren i\u015flerde i\u015f alan ve bu i\u015f i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7ilerini sadece bu i\u015fyerinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran di\u011fer i\u015fveren ile i\u015f ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda kurulan ili\u015fkiye as\u0131l i\u015fveren-alt i\u015fveren ili\u015fkisi denir. Bu ili\u015fkide as\u0131l i\u015fveren, alt i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7ilerine kar\u015f\u0131 o i\u015fyeri ile ilgili olarak bu Kanundan, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden veya alt i\u015fverenin taraf oldu\u011fu toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden alt i\u015fveren ile birlikte sorumludur.
4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 2\/7.maddesi ile i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u0130\u015f Kanunu’ndan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden ve toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan haklar\u0131 koruma-g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmak istenmi\u015ftir. Aksi halde, 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’dan kaynaklanan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden kurtulmak isteyen i\u015fverenlerin i\u015fin b\u00f6l\u00fcm veya eklentilerini muvazaal\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u015fka ki\u015filere vermek suretiyle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden ka\u00e7mas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olurdu.
As\u0131l i\u015fveren ile alt i\u015fverenin birlikte sorumlulu\u011fu “m\u00fcteselsil sorumluluktur”. As\u0131l i\u015fveren, do\u011frudan bir hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bulunmamakla birlikte \u0130\u015f Kanunu’nun 2. maddesinin 6. f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince alt i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin i\u015f kazas\u0131 veya meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle u\u011frayacaklar\u0131 maddi ve manevi zarardan alt i\u015fveren ile birlikte m\u00fcteselsilen sorumludur. Bu nedenle meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na veya i\u015f kazas\u0131na u\u011frayan alt i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7isi veya \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc halinde miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteselsil sorumlu olan as\u0131l i\u015fveren ve alt i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte a\u00e7abilecekleri gibi yaln\u0131zca as\u0131l i\u015fverene veya alt i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 da a\u00e7abilirler.
\u00d6te yandan as\u0131l i\u015fveren ile alt i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile i\u015f kazas\u0131 veya meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 maddi ve manevi tazminat sorumlulu\u011funun alt i\u015fverene ait oldu\u011funun kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraf\u0131 olmayan i\u015f\u00e7i veya miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u011flamaz.
Somut olayda, \u00fcretim a\u015famalar\u0131nda daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan bedelsiz olarak y\u00fckleniciye b\u0131rak\u0131lan makine ve te\u00e7hizatlar\u0131n da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’n\u00fcn kendisine sunulan i\u015f program\u0131n\u0131 veya projeyi yeterli bulunmamas\u0131 halinde tespit edilen noksanl\u0131klar\u0131n daval\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan verilen s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde giderilmesi zorunlulu\u011fu, y\u00fcklenicinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletme m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, proje m\u00fchendisi, vardiya daimi nezaret\u00e7isi, teknik nezaret\u00e7inin en az say\u0131s\u0131 ve meslek k\u0131deminin daval\u0131 idare taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi, idarenin, uygunsuz davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmekte yetersiz oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011fu veya i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda sak\u0131nca g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her kademe ve nitelikteki elemanlar\u0131n i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131ndan ve i\u015fyerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilmesi gibi tespitler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda anahtar teslimi olarak kabul edilemeyecek bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile kendisine ola\u011fan denetim s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015facak \u015fekilde yetkiler tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan daval\u0131 … Kurumu Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc’n\u00fcn 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi gere\u011fince as\u0131l i\u015fveren, di\u011fer daval\u0131 … K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri A\u015e.’nin ise alt i\u015fveren olarak kabul edilmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Bunun yan\u0131nda, gerek m\u00fclga BK\u2019nun 47 ve gerekse y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK\u2019nun 56. maddesinde hakimin bir kimsenin bedensel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zedelenmesi durumunda, olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, zarar g\u00f6rene veya \u00f6lenin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na manevi tazminat olarak uygun bir miktar paran\u0131n \u00f6denmesine karar verebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Hakimin manevi zarar ad\u0131 ile zarar g\u00f6rene veya \u00f6lenin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na verilmesine karar verece\u011fi para tutar\u0131 adalete uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r. H\u00fckmedilecek bu para, zarara u\u011frayanda manevi huzuru do\u011furmay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek tazminata benzer bir fonksiyonu olan \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r. Bir ceza olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, mamelek hukukuna ili\u015fkin zarar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 da ama\u00e7 edinmemi\u015ftir. O halde, bu tazminat\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 onun amac\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenmelidir.
Manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde art\u0131k eski kal\u0131plardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k unsuruna da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmektedir. Geli\u015fen hukukta bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ki\u015filerin bedenine ve ruhuna kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilen haks\u0131z eylemlerde veya taksirli davran\u0131\u015flarda tatmin duygusu yan\u0131nda cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k uyand\u0131ran oranlarda manevi tazminat takdir edilmesi gere\u011fini ortaya koymakta; ki\u015fi haklar\u0131n\u0131n her \u015feyin \u00f6n\u00fcnde geldi\u011fini \u00f6nemle vurgulamaktad\u0131r.
Bu ilkeler g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde; aslolan insan ya\u015fam\u0131d\u0131r ve bu ya\u015fam\u0131n yitirilmesinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin \u0131zd\u0131rab\u0131 hi\u00e7bir de\u011ferin telafi etmesi olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Burada ama\u00e7lanan sadece bir nebze olsun rahatlama duygusu vermek; \u00f6te yandan da zarar veren yan\u0131 da dikkat ve \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermek konusunda etkileyecek bir yapt\u0131r\u0131mla, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olabilmektir.(HGK 23.6.2004, 13\/291-370)…. ili …il\u00e7esinde bulunan … yeralt\u0131 maden oca\u011f\u0131nda 13\/05\/2014 tarihinde meydana gelen yarg\u0131lamaya konu i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n 301 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve 486 ki\u015finin yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, son y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan birisi olan bu i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca i\u015f kazas\u0131na u\u011frayanlarda veya kazal\u0131lar\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda de\u011fil toplumun tamam\u0131nda derin bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc meydana getirdi\u011fi, bu kapsamda …maden kazas\u0131 gibi toplumu derinden etkileyen facialarda h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nan manevi tazminat tutarlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilirken manevi tazminat\u0131n cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k unsurunun \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir.
Yukar\u0131da yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, dosyadaki yaz\u0131lara, karar\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 delillerle kanuni gerektirici sebeplere ve \u00f6zellikle \u00f6lenin olayda hi\u00e7 kusurunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131p i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n meydana gelmesinde kusuru bulunanlar aras\u0131ndaki kusur da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ilerde kendi aralar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131labilecek r\u00fccu davas\u0131nda yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131na, temyiz kapsam ve nedenlerine g\u00f6re, taraf vekillerinin yerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen b\u00fct\u00fcn temyiz itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n reddiyle usul ve kanuna uygun olan h\u00fckm\u00fcn ONANMASINA, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yaz\u0131l\u0131 temyiz harc\u0131n\u0131n temyiz eden daval\u0131lara y\u00fckletilmesine, dosyan\u0131n karar\u0131 veren \u0130lk Derece Mahkemesine g\u00f6nderilmesine, 18\/04\/2017 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde oybirli\u011fiyle karar verildi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yarg\u0131tay 21. Hukuk Dairesinin 2017\/1857 E. Ve 2017\/3192 K. Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar: “\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni” MAHKEMES\u0130 : …. B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 3. Hukuk Dairesi\u0130LK DERECE MAHKEMES\u0130 :…..\u0130\u015f MahkemesiDavac\u0131lar murisinin, i\u015f kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden do\u011fan manevi tazminat\u0131n \u00f6detilmesine karar verilmesini istemi\u015ftir.\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesince davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi \u00fczerine davac\u0131lar<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-av-hande-yetik"],"yoast_head":"\n